What is the P versus NP problem?
As a consequence, determining whether it is possible to solve these problems quickly, called the P versus NP problem, is one of the fundamental unsolved problems in computer science today.
What does NC mean in golf?
scoreboard abbreviation for "No card", meaning that the player did not turn in a scorecard Example: Tomas's scores were 72 and NC, so he did not make the cut. nearest point of relief
How do you know if a problem is NP complete?
A problem p in NP is NP-complete if every other problem in NP can be transformed (or reduced) into p in polynomial time. It is not known whether every problem in NP can be quickly solved—this is called the P versus NP problem.
What does the “a” in golf tournaments mean?
If you see the letter “a” before a player’s name in a golf tournament summary -- also known as a box score -- it means the player is an amateur. Amateurs occasionally play in professional tournaments, but they do not receive prize money.
What does LD stand for in golf?
Landing angle: Landing angle refers to the angle at which, relative to the ground, the ball first lands and hits the ground after a shot. That angle will change based on the club being used and the amount of spin put on the ball, where spin increases the landing angle.
What does a mean golf?
Printed Summaries. If you see the letter “a” before a player's name in a golf tournament summary -- also known as a box score -- it means the player is an amateur. Amateurs occasionally play in professional tournaments, but they do not receive prize money.
What does TB stand for in golf?
The T stands up for TB (triple bogey) Free.
What does BD mean in golf?
Innova Golf Disc AbbreviationsAbbr.Innova DiscTurnAVClassic Aviar0BA, BBanshee0BBAviar Driver0BDBirdie076 more rows
WHAT IS A in golf called?
Ace – Common term for a hole in one. Approach (or Approach Shot) – Any shot where the player is intending to hit the green. Albatross (also known as a double eagle) – three under par score on a hole, typically two shots on a par 5 or a hole in one on a par 4.
What is a +3 handicap?
A 3 handicap in golf is an excellent skill level and would put you in the top echelons of golfers worldwide as you would be able to consistently shoot three over par or better. While not at the professional level, playing off a 3 handicap will set you as a player of commensurate skill in the game.
How many swings is a par?
four swingsPar is determined by the length of the putting green from the tee box. In scoring, to “make par” means to hit your ball into the hole with the same number of swings as the assigned par number, i.e. four swings on a Par four hole, etc. Birdie.
Is a 12 handicap good?
If a golfer has a handicap between 10 and 18, she is a skilled player with a moderate handicap.
What does PGA stand for in golf?
By M.L. Rose. PGA stands for "Professional Golfers' Association of America.". As with any large undertaking, the golfing world has developed its own language, including a variety of abbreviations and shorthand terms. Some are used for convenience in conversation, while others are mainly employed in print. Understanding these abbreviations can help ...
What does the letter A mean in a golf summary?
If you see the letter “a” before a player’s name in a golf tournament summary -- also known as a box score -- it means the player is an amateur. Amateurs occasionally play in professional tournaments, but they do not receive prize money. In a match play summary, a line may read “Player A def.
What is the Ladies Professional Golf Association?
The Ladies Professional Golf Association is an organization made up of the LPGA Tour and club professionals. Another worldwide organizational abbreviation of note include the R&A (Royal and Ancient Golf Club, based in Scotland), the governing body of golf worldwide, except in the United States and Mexico.
How many holes does Player A lead in golf?
In this example, therefore, Player A has won the match by taking a three- hole lead after 16 holes of play.
Where does the word "golf" come from?
According to Snopes website, the word “golf” may derive from either the Dutch word “kolf,” a word used to describe a stick, club or mallet, or the Scottish verb “goulf,” meaning to “strike or cuff.”. Sorry, the video player failed to load. (Error Code: 100013)
What is the USGA?
Organizations. Numerous golfing entities are known by their initials. Most notable in the United States is the USGA, which stands for United States Golf Association. The USGA generally regulates golf in the United States and Mexico, publishes the standard Rules of Golf, and runs the U.S. Open and a few other tournaments.
Who invented the term "NP-complete"?
According to Donald Knuth, the name "NP-complete" was popularized by Alfred Aho, John Hopcroft and Jeffrey Ullman in their celebrated textbook "The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms". He reports that they introduced the change in the galley proofs for the book (from "polynomially-complete"), in accordance with the results of a poll he had conducted of the theoretical computer science community. Other suggestions made in the poll included " Herculean ", "formidable", Steiglitz 's "hard-boiled" in honor of Cook, and Shen Lin's acronym "PET", which stood for "probably exponential time", but depending on which way the P versus NP problem went, could stand for "provably exponential time" or "previously exponential time".
How to prove that a new problem is NP-complete?
The easiest way to prove that some new problem is NP-complete is first to prove that it is in NP, and then to reduce some known NP-complete problem to it. Therefore, it is useful to know a variety of NP-complete problems.
What type of reduction is used to determine NP-completeness?
Another type of reduction that is also often used to define NP-completeness is the logarithmic-space many-one reduction which is a many-one reduction that can be computed with only a logarithmic amount of space.
When was NP-completeness introduced?
The concept of NP-completeness was introduced in 1971 (see Cook–Levin theorem ), though the term NP-complete was introduced later. At the 1971 STOC conference, there was a fierce debate between the computer scientists about whether NP-complete problems could be solved in polynomial time on a deterministic Turing machine.
Can a NP-complete problem be solved quickly?
But if any NP-complete problem can be solved quickly, then every problem in NP can, because the definition of an NP-complete problem states that every problem in NP must be quickly reducible to every NP-complete problem (that is, it can be reduced in polynomial time).
Is Boolean satisfiability NP-complete?
The Cook–Levin theorem states that the Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete. In 1972, Richard Karp proved that several other problems were also NP-complete (see Karp's 21 NP-complete problems ); thus there is a class of NP-complete problems (besides the Boolean satisfiability problem).