Introduction to R
R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It is a GNU project which is similar to the S language and environment which was developed at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T, now Lucent Technologies) by John Chambers and colleagues. R can be considered as a different implementation of S.
The R environment
R is an integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display. It includes
What is R in computer?
R is an interpreted language; users typically access it through a command-line interpreter. If a user types 2+2 at the R command prompt and presses enter, the computer replies with 4, as shown below:
What is R in computer science?
R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Core Team and the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis.
What is R journal?
The R Journal is the open access, refereed journal of the R project for statistical computing. It features short to medium length articles on the use and development of R, including packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news.
What is the main implementation of R?
The main R implementation is written in R, C, and Fortran, and there are several other implementations aimed at improving speed or increasing extensibility. A closely related implementation is pqR (pretty quick R) by Radford M. Neal with improved memory management and support for automatic multithreading. Renjin and FastR are Java implementations of R for use in a Java Virtual Machine. CXXR, rho, and Riposte are implementations of R in C++. Renjin, Riposte, and pqR attempt to improve performance by using multiple processor cores and some form of deferred evaluation. Most of these alternative implementations are experimental and incomplete, with relatively few users, compared to the main implementation maintained by the R Development Core Team.
What are the capabilities of R?
The capabilities of R are extended through user-created packages, which allow specialised statistical techniques, graphical devices, import/export capabilities, reporting tools ( RMarkdown, knitr, Sweave ), etc. The large number of packages available for R, and the ease of installing and using them, has been cited as a major factor in driving the widespread adoption of the language in data science. The R packaging system is also used by researchers to create compendia to organise research data, code and report files in a systematic way for sharing and public archiving.
What is a scalar in R?
Instead, a scalar is represented as a vector with length one. Many features of R derive from Scheme. R uses S-expressions to represent both data and code. Functions are first-class and can be manipulated in the same way as data objects, facilitating meta-programming, and allow multiple dispatch.
What is R used for?
R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Core Team and the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis.
What is R used for?
In retail and e-commerce, R is used for risk assessment and to create marketing strategies. For example, R's machine learning capabilities are used to improve cross-selling and suggest better-related products at checkout to increase profits and sales. R is also used for sales modeling and targeted advertising in retail.
What is R programming?
R is a programming language created by statisticians for statistics, specifically for working with data. It is a language for statistical computing and data visualizations used widely by business analysts, data analysts, data scientists, and scientists. Let's look at more details of the R language to see what makes it different.
What is the purpose of R in the FDA?
In addition, the FDA uses R to evaluate drugs, perform pre-clinical trials, and predict possible reactions caused by the food products they review.
What is R unique?
R is unique in that it is not general-purpose. It does not compromise by trying to do a lot of things. It does a few things very well, mainly statistical analysis and data visualization. While you can find data analysis and machine learning libraries for languages like Python, R has many statistical functionalities built into its core.
Why is R used in banking?
R is used at many of these types of companies because money and statistics go hand-in-hand. Banks use the R language to create credit risk models and conduct other types of risk analysis. It is also used for fraud detection, mortgage modeling, volatility modeling, client assessment, and loan stress test simulations.
What is R programming?
The R programming language is actually a program for statistical computation traditionally used between statisticians intended for producing statistical application as well as graphics; it offers many other things a good programming language, high-level graphics interfaces to additional languages and debugging services, the source code to get them all of our Application ecosystems is usually written mainly through C, Fortran as well as, R is usually openly available under the GNU (General Public License) and precompiled binary variations which will be presented to numerous operating systems.
What are the features of R?
Features of R. 1. R facilitates procedural programming with the characteristics and object-oriented programs that have common features. Formal programs contain processes, files, modules, and method calls. However, object-oriented programming language contains classes, objects, as well as, functions. 2.
What is R package?
Although you may simply consider the regular R circulation (the base as well as suggested packages), are just about everything you require for data treatment, creation, and statistical analysis. As well as anything else, there is a lot more than 5K packages on CRAN and various repositories, as well as big data’s potential of Trend R Business.
What is vector in R?
R is actually a vector-based language. Vectors are list-like structures that contain items of the same data type. You can imagine a vector-like row or a column to do with figures or text. Checklist of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,} might be vector. In contrast to other programming languages, R enables you to make use of functions towards the entire vector within a procedure with no need to get an explicit loop.
Is R a good language?
R is a better language for establishing this category of software. So that is the things R is most effective for. Even so, this is simply not the boundaries of what R performs. If you wish to build rich software programs with user interfaces (or even the web, mobile applications), libraries are present to help R coders with this task.
Is R a free programming language?
R is a free and open-source programming language, allowing anybody to get access to world-class statistical evaluation tools. It can be applied extensively in academia as well as the private sector, and it is the most famous statistical analysis programming language nowadays.
What is A&R in music?
What Musicians Need to Know About A&R. A&R stands for “Artist & Repertoire” and was originally a role within record labels tasked with identifying, attracting and developing the talent for the record companies. A&R roles have evolved as the music industry has changed drastically since the adoption of the internet, file sharing, ...
What is the traditional A&R?
The traditional A&R is the gatekeeper of the industry for the unsigned musicians. They are the point of contact with the label during contract negotiations. Their job is to find marketable music for the company.
Why do publishers hire A&R reps?
Besides record companies, Publishers also employ A&R Reps to find and sign talent to publishing deals. There can be more money in publishing and licensing than in live performance or streaming sales, so labels will often try to stake a claim to an artist’s publishing rights.
What is A&R rep?
A&R Reps work closely with the artist during the recording process. They help with selecting songs, a Producer, and a studio for recording. They act as the record company’s representative during the recording process, and they may be involved in many decisions affecting the production process.
What do musicians need to know about A&R?
What Musicians Need to Know About A&R. It’s clear that with volatile changes in the music industry, the roles of A&R have been transformed. As things continue to change, the role of A&R will also develop. At the same time, vestiges of the old methods remain, such as the A&R gatekeepers at the major labels.
Do A&R reps have to be musicians?
Most A&R Reps step into the role as musicians . While not absolutely required, it is desirable to have at least some background and direct experience in music in order to understand the artistic process and the business of music.
Is independent A&R a digital era?
Independent A&R. There is no denying that the role of A&R has changed drastically with the transformation of the music industry in the digital era. With discovery of new music by fans and direct-to-fan marketing through the internet made possible and easier, the traditional power of A&Rs has diminished.
Overview
R is a programming language for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Core Team and the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Created by statisticians Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, R is used among data miners, bioinformaticians and statisticians for data analysis and developing statistical software. Users have created packages to augment the functions of the R lang…
History
R is an open-source implementation of the S programming language combined with lexical scoping semantics from Scheme, which allow objects to be defined in predetermined blocks rather than the entirety of the code. S was created by Rick Becker, John Chambers, Doug Dunn, Jean McRae, and Judy Schilling at Bell Labs around 1976. Designed for statistical analysis, the language is an interpreted language whose code could be directly run without a compiler. Many programs writte…
Features
R's data structures include vectors, arrays, lists, and data frames. Vectors are ordered collections of values and can be mapped to arrays of one or more dimensions in a column major order. That is, given an ordered collection of dimensions, one fills in values along the first dimension first, then fill in one-dimensional arrays across the second dimension, and so on. R supports array arithmetics and in this regard is like languages such as APL and MATLAB. The special case of a…
Packages
R's capabilities are extended through user-created packages, which offer statistical techniques, graphical devices, import/export, reporting (RMarkdown, knitr, Sweave), etc. These packages and their easy installation and use has been cited as driving the language's widespread adoption in data science. The packaging system is also used by researchers to organize research data, code and report files in a systematic way for sharing and archiving.
Interfaces
Various applications can be used to edit or run R code.
Early developers preferred to run R via the command line console, succeeded by those who prefer an IDE. IDEs for R include (in alphabetical order) Rattle GUI, R Commander, RKWard, RStudio, and Tinn-R. R is also supported in multi-purpose IDEs such as Eclipse via the StatET plugin, and Visual Studio via the R Tools for Visual Studio. Of these, RStudio is the most commonly used.
Implementations
The main R implementation is written in R, C, and Fortran. Several other implementations aimed at improving speed or increasing extensibility. A closely related implementation is pqR (pretty quick R) by Radford M. Neal with improved memory management and support for automatic multithreading. Renjin and FastR are Java implementations of R for use in a Java Virtual Machine. CXXR, rho, and Riposte are implementations of R in C++. Renjin, Riposte, and pqR attempt to impr…
Communities
R has local communities worldwide for users to network, share ideas, and learn.
A growing number of R events bring users together, such as conferences (e.g. useR!, WhyR?, conectaR, SatRdays), meetups, as well as R-Ladies groups that promote gender diversity. The R Foundation taskforce focuses on women and other under-represented groups.
useR! conferences
The official annual gathering of R users is called "useR!". The first such event was useR! 2004 in May 2004, Vienna, Austria. After skipping 2005, the useR! conference has been held annually, usually alternating between locations in Europe and North America. History:
• useR! 2006, Vienna, Austria
• useR! 2007, Ames, Iowa, US